What happened
The GLOW team chose galaxies close enough for Hubble to distinguish individual stars. It reconstructed their star formation histories and compared the expected oxygen yield with the material still present, drawing on Spitzer and radio arrays in the US and Australia.
Why it matters
The deficit suggests winds driven by exploding stars remove oxygen more efficiently than simulations predict. The missing oxygen was inferred from the balance sheet: the study did not directly track it leaving each galaxy.
What to watch
Measuring gas around these galaxies could distinguish oxygen stored in an outer halo from material lost into intergalactic space.
Sources & verification
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